Diagnóstico de Colitis isquémica. A propósito de un caso / Diagnosis of Ischemic Colitis. Case Report

Introducción: La colitis isquémica es la forma más común de isquemia intestinal. Es más frecuente en pacientes mayores de 65 años y están reconocidos los factores de riesgo de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Considerar el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad, mediante la realización de estudios diagnósticos determinados, en un paciente en quien se identifican factores de riesgo para la enfermedad. Presentación del caso: Se presenta un paciente con rectorragia. Al interrogatorio y examen físico se recogen factores de riesgo para la colitis isquémica. El diagnóstico se confirma por colonoscopía y las pruebas radiológicas ayudan a establecer la causa y el lugar de la isquemia. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento de factores de riesgo para la colitis isquémica permitió la sospecha de la enfermedad. Las pruebas diagnósticas, realizadas en un período precoz confirmaron el diagnóstico y permitieron buena respuesta al tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Ischemic colitis is the most common form of intestinal ischemia. It is frequently observed in patients older than 65 years, and the risk factors of the disease are already known. Objective: To consider the early diagnosis of the disease in a patient in whom risk factors for the disease are identified after performing specific diagnostic tests. Case Presentation: A patient with rectal bleeding is presented. On questioning and physical examination, risk factors for ischemic colitis are identified. The diagnosis is confirmed by colonoscopy, and the radiological tests permitted to identify the cause and location of the ischemia. Conclusions: The identification of risk factors for ischemic colitis allowed to think on the possibility of the disease. Diagnostic tests, performed in an early period, confirmed the diagnosis and made a good response to treatment possible(AU)

Risk Factors of Recurrent Ischemic Colitis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recurrence of ischemic colitis (IC) has not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of recurrent IC in the community setting and to identify any risk factors. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in two community hospitals. Medical records of patients with IC from January 2007 to January 2013 were reviewed. Demographic details, clinical features, co-morbidities, concomitant use of medications, laboratory studies, imaging findings, endoscopic and histological features, surgery, hospital stay, and death within 30 days were collected. Patients were divided into two groups (recurrent IC group, non-recurrent IC group). RESULTS: A total of 118 patients with IC were identified. IC recurred in 10 patients (8.5%) during the study period. Half of the patients in the recurrent IC group were current smokers as compared to only 18.7% of patients in the non-recurrent group. In the recurrent IC group, 20.0% of patients never smoked as compared to 61.7% in the non-recurrent group (p=0.027). Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) was more frequent in the recurrent IC group (40.0% vs. 4.7%; p=0.003). No differences in other clinical symptoms, CT scan findings, comorbidities, endoscopic features, or use of concomitant medications were observed between the two groups. The need for surgical intervention, blood transfusion, intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, and anatomic location of affected segments did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: IC recurred in 8.5% of patients during the six-year study period. Current smoking status and presence of AAA were identifying risk factors for recurrence of IC.

Idiopathic Phlebosclerotic Colitis: A Rare Entity of Chronic Ischemic Colitis / 대한소화기학회지

Colonic wall thickening is frequently encountered in various conditions, from acute or chronic inflammatory disease to colorectal carcinoma. Colonic wall thickening may be accompanied by calcifications in mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon, leiomyosarcoma of the colon, schistosomiasis japonica, and phlebosclerotic colitis. Phlebosclerotic colitis is a rare entity of chronic ischemic colitis associated with sclerosis and fibrosis of mesenteric veins. Although its development is usually insidious, and, thus its diagnosis can be delayed, characteristic findings in phlebosclerotic colitis are calcifications of mesenteric veins as well as colonic wall thickening with calcifications. We report on a 71-year-old woman who presented with chronic diarrhea and intermittent hematochezia, who was first misdiagnosed as mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon, but finally diagnosed as a rare entity of chronic ischemic colitis, phlebosclerotic colitis. Differential points of phlebosclerotic colitis from other diseases, including leiomyosarcoma and schistosomiasis japonica, are also described.

¿Cuándo sospechar y cómo manejar isquemia mesentérica y colitis isquémica? / When to suspect and how to manage mesenteric ischemia and ischemic colitis?

Intestinal ischemia occurs when mesenteric blood flow is insufficient for the requirements of the intestine. Acute presentation includes acute mesenteric ischemia, usually secondary to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, and ischemic colitis due to decreased vascular flow to vulnerable regions of the colon. It usually presents with abdominal pain and non-specific laboratory abnormalities, so it requires a high index of clinical suspicion for early diagnosis and management in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. The following review describes clinical concepts of acute intestinal ischemia, with emphasis on diagnosis and management of these patients.

La isquemia intestinal surge cuando el flujo sanguíneo del territorio mesentérico resulta insuficiente para satisfacer los requerimientos del intestino. El cuadro agudo incluye la isquemia mesentérica aguda, generalmente secundaria a oclusión de la arteria mesentérica superior, y la colitis isquémica debida a disminución del flujo vascular a regiones vulnerables del colon. Se presenta habitualmente con dolor abdominal y alteraciones de laboratorio inespecíficos, por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo precoz con el fin de disminuir su alta morbimortalidad. En la siguiente revisión se exponen principalmente conceptos clínicos acerca de isquemia intestinal aguda, con énfasis en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos pacientes.

Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Colitis: According to the Colonoscopic Extent and Feature / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ischemic colitis (IC) usually occurs in the elderly population and has a various clinical presentations from mild to severe forms. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes according to the involved sites and colonoscopic findings in IC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 77 patients who had diagnosed with IC between January 2000 and July 2010. The clinical outcomes were compared according to numbers of the involved segments, location and endoscopic findings. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 70+/-11 years and male to female ratio was 1:1.26. Hematochezia (67.5%) and abdominal pain (63.6%) were the most common associated symptoms. The colonoscopic examination was performed at mean 4.6+/-3.7 days after the symptom onset. The most common involved segment was the sigmoid colon (72.7%). Duration of fasting, antibiotics therapy, hospital stay and mortality were significantly increased in the patients group with more involved segments (p<0.001, p=0.004, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). Duration of antibiotics therapy and hospital stay were significantly longer in the right colon involvement group (p=0.038, p=0.002, respectively). The time taken until the alleviation of symptoms and the white blood cells count were significantly longer and higher in the ulcer or gangrenous group (p=0.001, p=0.022, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the involved sites, the degree and severity of mucosal damage by colonoscopy may be important in predicting the clinical course and prognosis of the patients with IC. Early detection, careful monitoring and prompt treatment are crucial especially in the patients with ulcer or necrosis in colonscopic findings.

Is End Stage Renal Disease a Poor Prognosis Factor of Ischemic Colitis? / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In general, ischemic colitis has a very good prognosis. However, there are a lot of controversies in relation to the prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors of severe ischemic colitis. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken of patients with ischemic colitis hospitalized at the Hanyang University Hospital during the interval 2004-2006. Patients were divided into two groups: those with mild course and those with severe course which led to operation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or death. RESULTS: A total of 41 cases (M/F=13/28, mean age=63.8 years) of biopsy proven ischemic colitis were included, of which 31 (75.6%) had a mild course and 10 (24.4%) a severe course. Coexisting medical diseases of patients were hypertension (n=24), diabetes (n=14), end-stage renal disease (n=11), cardiovascular disease (n=5), and malignancy (n=5). Male (p=0.049), alcoholics (p=0.025), end-stage renal disease (p=0.013), LDH (p=0.002), CRP (p=0.014), and peritoneal irritation sign (p=0.001) were the significant risk factors of severe ischemic colitis in univariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, end-stage renal disease (p=0.026) was the only significant risk factor of severe ischemic colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Careful attention must be paid to end-stage renal disease patients having ischemic colitis.

A Case of Idiopathic Mesenteric Phlebosclerosis / 대한소화기학회지

Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis, rare disease entity causing chronic mesenteric ischemia is a member of non-thrombotic, non-inflammatory stenosis or occlusion of the mesenteric veins. The histologic hallmark is marked fibrous mural thickening and sclerosis of the vessel wall. It is frequently accompanied by calcification in the vessel wall. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Korea.

A Case of Idiopathic Mesenteric Phlebosclerosis / 대한소화기학회지

Idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis, rare disease entity causing chronic mesenteric ischemia is a member of non-thrombotic, non-inflammatory stenosis or occlusion of the mesenteric veins. The histologic hallmark is marked fibrous mural thickening and sclerosis of the vessel wall. It is frequently accompanied by calcification in the vessel wall. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Korea.

A Case of Ischemic Colitis Associated with the Herbal Food Supplement Ma Huang

Ischemic colitis is a condition that usually occurs in the elderly, as a form of vascular disease. However, ischemic colitis also occurs, though rarely, in healthy young adults. Moreover, food supplements containing Ephedra sinica or ma huang have been linked to adverse central nervous and cardiovascular events. A 40-year-old man was admitted to our emergency department after 2 episodes of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea that lasted 24 hours. His medical history was unremarkable for risk factors of bowel ischemia, except for well-controlled hypertension. However, a weight-loss supplement, Ephedra sinica, had been prescribed for daily use during the previous month. Both abdominal/pelvic computed tomography and colonoscopy revealed findings compatible with ischemic colitis. His conditions spontaneously improved without any serious complications, and he was advised to discontinue the use of herbal medications containing ephedrine. In this paper, we describe a case of ischemic colitis that was potentially linked to the use of ma huang with a review of the relevant literature.

A Case of Ischemic Colitis in a Patient with Takayasu's Arteritis / 대한소화기학회지

Ischemic colitis is one of the most common intestinal ischemic injury in which more than 90% of patient are over 60 year-old. It results from impaired perfusion of blood to the bowel and is rarely caused by vasculitis such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and Takayasu's arteritis. Takayasu's arteritis affects the aortic arch, medium-sized and large arteries but rarely involves inferior mesenteric artery. We report a case of Takayasu's arteritis involving inferior mesenteric artery which developed ischemic colitis in a 70 year old female. To the author's knowledge this is the first case report in Korea. A 70 year old woman who had suffered from Takayasu's arteritis for 5 years was admitted for sudden abominal pain and hematochezia. On sigmoidoscopy, there were multiple segmental longitudinal ulcerations around splenic flexure and diffuse hemorrhagic edematous mucosa from descending colon to sigmoid colon. On abdominal CT angiography, inferior mesenteric artery was not traced. We diagnosed it as ischemic colitis combined with Takayasu's arteritis. After the conservative treatment, abdominal pain and hematochezia disappeared. She was followed up to 2 years without recurrence of symptoms.

A Case of Ischemic Colitis Presenting as Bloody Diarrhea after Normal Saline Enema / 대한소화기학회지

Ischemic colitis is a frequent disorder of large bowel in elderly persons or in debilitated patients with a variable underlying medical problems. Ischemic colitis may result from alterations in the systemic circulation or anatomic or functional changes in the local mesenteric vasculature. In most cases, no specific cause for the ischemic colitis is identified. Cases of ischemic colitis after enema for bowel cleansing have been rarely reported, but there has been no case report after normal saline enema. We report a case of ischemic colitis in a 72-year old patient with well-controlled hypertension, presenting as bloody diarrhea which developed after normal saline enema for preoperative bowel cleansing.

Colite isquêmica: relato de três casos / Ischemic colitis: report on three cases

Os autores relatam três casos de colite isquêmica com apresentações distintas, chamando a atenção para o fato de que o diagnóstico exige alto grau de suspeição.

Colitis isquémica en paciente con drepanocitosis / Ischemic colitis in patient with sickle cell disease

Se reporta el caso de un paciente alcohólico, con estigmas cirróticos y rasgos de raza negra, quien se presentó en la emergencia del Hospital Escuela por dolor abdominal severo. El paciente falleció pocas horas después de su admisión. En la autopsia se observaron células falciformes produciendo isquemia intestinal considerándose ésta como la causa de la muerte...

Colitis isquémica inducida por cocaína: caso clínico / Ischemic colitis caused by cocaine abuse: report of one case

We report a 29 years old male, with a history of cocaine abuse and excessive alcohol intake, who was admitted to the hospital with an acute peritonitis. The patient was operated and multiple perforations of the cecum were found. A right hemicolectomy was performed and the pathological study of the surgical piece showed an ischemic colitis. A literature review reveals 22 reported cases of ischemic colitis associated to cocaine abuse

Colitis isquemica en el Hospital Militar Central / Ischemic colitis in Hospital Militar Central of Bogota

La colitis isquémica (CI) es la forma más común de injuria isquémica al tracto gastrointestinal, dada por una insuficiencia circulatoria del colon lo cual causa varios grados de necrosis tisular local, con o sin repercuciones sistémicas sin poder predecir el curso final de la enfermedad. Con el objeto de identificar los grupos de población susceptibles de sufrir esta patología, sus patrones de presentacion y sus complicaciones. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de quince casos (8 hombres, 7 mujeres), diagnosticados como CI por el Servicio de Cirugía y Endoscopia Colorrectal (SCECR) del Hospital Militar Central en un periodo comprendido entre enero de 1989 y enero del 2000. Se encontró que la hipertensión arterial y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares son los antecedentes patológicos asociados más frecuentes (73 por ciento). El tiempo transcurrido entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico fue de 10,6 días (1-30). El examen de elección para el diagnóstico es la colonoscopia y el encontrar lesiones ulceradas circunferenciales son signos ominosos

Colitis isquémica secundaria al uso de anticonceptivos orales: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Isquemics colitis induced by oral contraceptives

Desde el conocimiento en la década de los 60's del compromiso isquémico del colon, secundario al uso de anticonceptivos orales y de las lesiones visualizadas en la colonoscopia, se han reportado más casos en la literatura. Observando una prevalencia seis veces mayor en mujeres jóvenes con colitis isquémica, secundaria al uso de anticonceptivos orales, afectando principalmente el colon izquierdo, respetando el recto, en algunas ocasiones puede afectar el colon derecho, sin afectar el fondo de saco de ciego o en forma segmentaria, con una regresión total del o de los segmentos afectados en los primeros dos días a una semana al suspender el uso de los anticonceptivos orales